The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay Example For Students

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay The Rise of Communism in RussiaUnless we accept the claim that Lenins coup gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in todays Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s? (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, w ho were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groilers Encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay on The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Socialism, of which ?Marxism-Leninism? is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the countrys educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, a claimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year a ?congress? of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate ?legal Marxist? group who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement, and his ?hard? philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon the label ?Bolshevik? (Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the ?soft? or more democratic position became known as the ?Mensheviks? or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading place among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenins stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenins philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious group of Bolsheviks. This was to be in opposition of the new majority of the congress, the Menshiviks, led by Trotsky. Twenty-two Bolsheviks, including Lenin, met in Geneva in August of 1904 to promote the idea of the highly disciplined party and to urge the reorganization of the whole Social-Democratic movement on Leninist lines (Stoessinger, 33). The differences between Lenin and the Bogdanov group of revolutionary romantics came to its peak in 1909. Lenin denounced the otzovists, also known as the recallists, who wanted to recall the Bolshevik deputies in the Duma, and the ultimatists who demanded that the deputies take a more radical stand both for their philosophical vagaries which he rejected as idealism, and for the utopian purism of their refusal to take tactical advantage of the Duma. The real issue was Lenins control of the faction and the enforcement of his brand of Marxist orthodoxy. Lenin demonstrated his grip of the Bolshevik faction at a meeting in Paris of the editors of the Bolsheviks factional paper, which had become the headquarters of the faction. Bogdanov and his followers were expelled from the Bolshevik faction, though they remained within the Social-Democratic fold (Wren, 95). .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postImageUrl , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:visited , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active { border:0!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dinosaurs (1032 words) Essay On March 8 of 1917 a severe food shortage cause riots in Petrograd. The crowds demanded food and the step down of Tsar. When the troops were called in to disperse the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. The army generals reported that it would be pointless to send in any more troops, because they would only join in with the other rioters. The frustrated tsar responded by stepping down from power, ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty (Farah, 580). With the tsar out of power, a new provisional government took over made up of middle-class Duma representatives. Also rising to power was a rival government called the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies consisting of workers and peasants of socialist and revolutionary groups. Other soviets formed in towns and villages all across the country. All of the soviets worked to push a three-point program which called for an immediate peas, the transfer of land to peasants, and control of factories to workers. But the provisional government stood in conflict with the other smaller governments and the hardships of war hit the country. The provisional government was so busy fighting the war that they neglected the social problems it faced, losing much needed support (Farah, 580). The Bolsheviks in Russia were confused and divided about how to regard the Provisional Government, but most of them, including Stalin, were inclined to accept it for the time being on condition that it work for an end to the war. When Lenin reached Russia in April after his famous ?sealed car? trip across Germany, he quickly denounced his Bolshevik colleagues for failing to take a sufficiently revolutionary stand (Daniels, 88). In August of 1917, while Lenin was in hiding and the party had been basically outlawed by the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks managed to hold their first party congress since 1907 regardless. The most significant part of the debate turned on the possibility for immediate revolutionary action in Russia and the relation of this to the international upheaval. The separation between the utopian internationalists and the more practical Russia-oriented people was already apparent (Pipes, 127). The Bolsheviks hope of seizing power was hardly secret. Bold refusal of the provisional Government was one of their major ideals. Three weeks before the revolt they decided to stage a demonstrative walkout from the advisory assembly. When the walkout was staged, Trotsky denounced the Provisional Government for its alleged counterrevolutionary objectives and called on the people of Russia to support the Bolsheviks (Daniels, 110). On October 10 of 1917, Lenin made the decision to take power. He came secretly to Petrograd to try and disperse any hesitancies the Bolshevik leadership had over his demand for armed revolt. Against the opposition of two of Lenins long-time lieutenants, Zinovieiv and Kamenev, the Central Committee accepted Lenins resolution which formally instructed the party organizations to prepare for the seizure of power. Finally, of October 25 the Bolshevik revolution took place to overthrow the provisional government. They did so through the agency of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. They forcibly overthrew the provisional government by taking over all of the government buildings, such as the post office, and big corporations, such as the power companies, the shipyard, the telephone company. The endorsement of the coup was secured from the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which was concurrently in session. This was known as the ?October Revolution? (Luttwak, 74) Through this, control of Russia was shifted to Lenin and the Bolsheviks. IN a quick series of decrees, the new ?soviet? government instituted a number of sweeping reforms, some long overdue and some quite revolutionary. They ranged from ?democratic? reforms, such as the disestablishment of the church and equality for the national minorities, to the recognition of the peasants land seizures and to openly socialist steps such as the nationalization of banks. The Provisional Governments commitment to the war effort was denounced. Four decrees were put into action. The first four from the Bolshevik Revolutionary Legislation were a decree on peace, a decree on land, a decree on the suppression of hostile newspapers, and a declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia (Stossenger, 130). .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postImageUrl , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:visited , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active { border:0!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: diabetes Essay By early 1918 the Bolshevik critics individually made their peace with Lenin, and were accepted back into the party and governmental leadership. At the same time, the Left and Soviet administration thus acquired the exclusively Communist character which it has had ever since. The Left SRs like the right SRs and the Mensheviks, continued to function in the soviets as a more or less legal opposition until the outbreak of large-scale civil war in the middle of 1918. At that point the opposition parties took positions which were either equally vocal or openly anti-Bolshevik, and one after another, they were suppressed. The Eastern Front had been relatively quiet during 1917, and shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution a temporary armstice was agreed upon. Peace negotiations were then begun at the Polish town of Brest-Litovsk, behind the German lines. In agreement with their earlier anti-imperialist line, the Bolshevik negotiators, headed by Trotsky, used the talks as a discussion for revolutionary propaganda, while most of the party expected the eventual return of war in the name of revolution. Lenin startled his followers in January of 1918 by explicitly demanding that the Soviet republic meet the German conditions and conclude a formal peace in order to win what he regarded as an indispensable ?breathing spell,? instead of shallowly risking the future of the revolution (Daniels, 135). Trotsky resigned as Foreign Commissar during the Brest-Litovsk crisis, but he was immediately appointed Commissar of Military Affairs and entrusted with the creation of a new Red Army to replace the old Russian army which had dissolved during the revolution. Many Communists wanted to new military force to be built up on strictly revolutionary principles, with guerrilla tactics, the election of officers, and the abolition of traditional discipline. Trotsky set himself emphatically against this attitude and demanded an army organized in the conventional way and employing ?military specialists? experienced officers from the old army. Hostilities between the Communists and the Whites, who were the groups opposed to the Bolsheviks, reached a decicive climax in 1919. Intervention by the allied powers on the side of the Whites almost brought them victory. Facing the most serious White threat led by General Denikin in Southern Russia, Lenin appealed to his followers for a supreme effort, and threatened ruthless repression of any opposition behind the lines. By early 1920 the principal White forces were defeated (Wren, 151). For three years the rivalry went on with the Whites capturing areas and killing anyone suspected of Communist practices. Even though the Whites had more soldiers in their army, they were not nearly as organized nor as efficient as the Reds, and therefore were unable to rise up (Farah, 582). Police action by the Bolsheviks to combat political opposition commenced with the creation of the ?Cheka.? Under the direction of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Cheka became the prototype of totalitarian secret police systems, enjoying at critical times the right the right of unlimited arrest and summary execution of suspects and hostages. The principle of such police surveillance over the political leanings of the Soviet population has remained in effect ever since, despite the varying intensity of repression and the organizational changes of the police from Cheka to GPU (The State Political Administration) to NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) to MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) to the now well-known KGB (Committee for State Security) (Pipes, 140). Leninused his secret police in his plans to use terror to achieve his goals and as a political weapon against his enemies. Anyone opposed to the communist state was arrested. Many socialists who had backed Lenins revolution at first now had second thoughts. To escape punishment, they fled. By 1921 Lenin had strengthened his control and the White armies and their allies had been defeated (Farah, 582). Communism had now been established and Russia had become a socialist country. Russia was also given a new name: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This in theory meant that the means of production was in the hands of the state. The state, in turn, would build the future, classless society. But still, the power was in the hands of the party (Farah, 583). The next decade was ruled by a collective dictatorship of the top party leaders. At the top level individuals still spoke for themselves, and considerable freedom for factional controversy remained despite the principles of unity laid down in 1921. Works CitedDaniels, Robert V., A Documentary History of Communism. New York: Random House Publishing, 1960. Farah, Mounir, The Human Experience. Columbus: Bell Howess Co., 1990. Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. Pipes, Richard, Survival is Not Enough. New York: SS Publishing, 1975. Stoessinger, John G., Nations in Darkness. Boston: Howard Books, 1985. Wren, Christopher S., The End of the Line. San Francisco: Blackhawk Publishing, 1988.

Biography of Eratosthenes, Greek Geographer

Biography of Eratosthenes, Greek Geographer Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE–192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. Eratosthenes was the first person to use the word geography and other geographical terms that are still in use today, and his efforts to calculate the circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Earth to the Sun paved the way for our modern understanding of the cosmos. Among his other many accomplishments were the creation of the first map of the world and the invention of an algorithm known as the sieve of Eratosthenes, which is used to identify prime numbers. Fast Facts: Eratosthenes Known For: Eratosthenes was a Greek polymath who became known as the father of geography.Born: c. 276 BCE in Cyrene (present-day Libya)Died: 192 or 196 BCE in Alexandria, Egypt Early Life Eratosthenes was born around 276 BCE in a Greek colony in Cyrene, a territory located in present-day Libya. He was educated at the academies of Athens and in 245 BCE, after earning attention for his skills, he was invited by Pharaoh Ptolemy III to run the Great Library at Alexandria in Egypt. This was a major opportunity, and Eratosthenes was excited to accept the position. In addition to being a mathematician and geographer, Eratosthenes was also a very gifted philosopher, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He made several significant contributions to science, including the discovery that a year is slightly longer than 365 days, requiring an extra day- or leap day- be added to the calendar every four years to keep it consistent. Geography While serving as the head librarian and scholar at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes wrote a comprehensive treatise about the world, which he called Geography. This was the first use of the word, which in Greek means writing about the world. Eratosthenes work introduced the concepts of torrid, temperate, and frigid climate zones. His map of the world, though highly inaccurate, was the first of its kind, featuring a grid of parallels and meridians used to estimate distances between different locations. Though Eratosthenes original Geography did not survive, modern scholars know what it contained thanks to reports by Greek and Roman historians. The first book of Geography contained a summary of existing geographical work and Eratosthenes speculations about the nature of the planet Earth. He believed it was a fixed globe whose changes only took place on the surface. The second book of Geography described the mathematical calculations he had used to determine the circumference of the Earth. The third contained a map of the world in which the land was divided into different countries; it is one of the earliest examples of political geography. Calculating the Circumference of the Earth Eratosthenes most famous contribution to science was his calculation of the circumference of the Earth, which he completed while working on the second volume of his Geography. After hearing about a deep well at Syene (near the Tropic of Cancer and modern-day Aswan) where sunlight only struck the bottom of the well on the summer solstice, Eratosthenes worked out a method by which he could calculate the circumference of the Earth using basic geometry. Knowing that the Earth was a sphere, he needed only two critical measurements to calculate the circumference. Eratosthenes already knew the approximate distance between Syene and Alexandria, as measured by camel-powered trade caravans. He then measured the angle of the shadow in Alexandria on the solstice. By taking the angle of the shadow (7.2 degrees) and dividing it into the 360 degrees of a circle (360 divided by 7.2 yields 50), Eratosthenes could then multiply the distance between Alexandria and Syene by the result to determine the circumference of the Earth. Remarkably, Eratosthenes determined the circumference to be 25,000 miles, just 99 miles over the actual circumference at the equator (24,901 miles). Although Eratosthenes made a few mathematical errors in his calculations, the, canceled each other out and yielded an amazingly accurate answer that still causes scientists to marvel. A few decades later, the Greek geographer Posidonius insisted that Eratosthenes circumference was too large. He calculated the circumference on his own and obtained a figure of 18,000 miles- about 7,000 miles too short. During the Middle Ages, most scholars accepted Eratosthenes circumference, though Christopher Columbus used Posidonius measurement to convince his supporters that he could quickly reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. As we now know, this was a critical error on Columbus part. Had he used Eratosthenes figure instead, Columbus would have known he was not yet in Asia when he landed in the New World. Prime Numbers A noted polymath, Eratosthenes also made notable contributions to the field of mathematics, including the invention of an algorithm used to identify prime numbers. His method involved taking a table of whole numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) and striking off the multiples of each prime, beginning with multiples of the number two, then multiples of the number three, etc. until only the prime numbers remained. This method became known as the sieve of Eratosthenes, as it works by filtering out the non-prime numbers in the same way that a sieve filters solids out of liquids. Death In his old age, Eratosthenes became blind and he died of self-induced starvation in either 192 or 196 BCE in Alexandria, Egypt. He lived to be about 80 to 84 years old. Legacy Eratosthenes was one of the greatest Greek polymaths, and his work influenced later innovators in fields ranging from mathematics to geography. Admirers of the Greek thinker called him Pentathlos, after the Greek athletes known for their prowess in a number of different events. A crater on the Moon was named in his honor. Sources Klein, Jacob, and Franciscus Vieta.  Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra. Courier Corporation, 1968.Roller, Duane W.  Ancient Geography: the Discovery of the World in Classical Greece and Rome. I.B. Tauris, 2017.Warmington, Eric Herbert.  Greek Geography. AMS Press, 1973.

Womens Occupational Distribution in the U.S Essay

Womens Occupational Distribution in the U.S - Essay Example Most particularly, women have been able to take paid jobs. However, they encounter difficulties in balancing between their work and house lives. Under the pressure of the double day, women have put pressure on government and employers to recognize the value of child bearing roles.  Ã‚   Many women strive to attain skills that will help them acquire well paid jobs and better working conditions. Women have also become organized and created movements that break down discriminatory barriers that hinder them from accessing better jobs.   In addition, â€Å"increased participation of women in labor force has spurred women struggles to improve wages and working conditions, and attack head on multiple discrimination they face in the labor force,   from sexual harassment to racism† (Amott and Matthaei 309). This has enabled women to gain financial freedom and avoid dependence on men. A substantial number of women have entered the paid labor force. The work force has ceased from b eing a preservative of white males.   Amott and Matthaei noted â€Å"In 1900, white men made up 72 percent of all workers, but by 1990, their share had fallen to 43 percent† (317).In conclusion, it can be noted that the occupational distribution of women in the United States has a historical background. It has been affected by racial-ethnicity, gender and class statuses. Women in the United States have risen above these challenges and have taken well paid jobs in the labor market. However, the current occupational distribution has in part been influenced.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Reflection Paper - Essay Example would ensure that all employees involved with corrupt deals are fired and employed other people who are qualified and have no history of corrupt behaviours. Corruption was not justified in Siemens Global despite the fact that bribery was legal in Germany up untill 1999. In case bribery was tolertaed within the company it could have meant that the company was not good at what they were doing and hence had to bribe the governments of other countries to do business with them. It is challenging for the Company to make a shift to refine their ethical practices when there are radical changes in the policy since they were used to corrupt ways to get contracts with other countries. However, the change in management and employees, starting a fresh with honest intentions will make the company have clear records and succeed since they will be on the right side of the law. Siemens Global has ensured a good reputation in various places around the world and it has become one of the leading companies in electrical engineering and electronics. This is because of the Business Conduct Guidelines that have provided the legal and ethical framework in which they maintain their activities successfully. The employees of Siemens Global are expected to comply with the law in all their activities,respect the rights of individuals and follow anti-corruption policies with their third parties among others. As a CEO of my company, I would ensure that the company has a code of ethics and core values that guide the employees towards achieving the goals and objectives of the Company. My Company’s code of ethics will include provisions that wll require individuals to comply with governement rules,laws and regulations, Secondly, proper use and protecting of company assets, and thirdly, accepting responsibility and reporting all manner of corruption. The corporate culture values in my company will be informed by accountability, integrity, honesty, decency and respect. I will infuse these

Sustainable Water Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainable Water - Annotated Bibliography Example In order to conduct this assessment, I have broken down the subject into two well-developed research questions as follows: I have researched regarding the subject matter in the past three weeks from 17th February to 9th March 2013. I have used five sources to assess the subject matter out of which two of the sources are published books, two journal articles and lastly an article from the website. These sources have been published within past five years which allows the research to have updated information regarding the sustainable water programs. This journal article focuses on the ways in which the water recycling can actually help the stakeholders to help in increasing the amount of water for industrial use. The article has determined an approach of assessing and providing statistics of six different sewage treatment plants. The authors have also made use of different tests regarding pH, electric conductivity etc. This has rather made the article credible in terms of information regarding subject matter. The articles targeted audiences are the stakeholders who are responsible for the development needed in the sewage system to make sure that only limited amount of water is being consumed. The tests which have been provided in the article have rather made my assessment regarding the sustainable water much easier. In other words, the usage of a more critical stance of sewage system helped me in knowing about the models which are being applied by many countries for sustainable water. The article from the website is very helpful in the research of sustainable energy because it talks about a variety of methods that can be applied with limited use of technology. These methods are not just applicable in some of the countries but everywhere because these strategies are compatible with all sorts of systems. The targeted audience of the website article is for general audience which makes the article to be quiet

Earthing System Lightning

Earthing System Lightning 1.1Introduction Earthing system electrodes are used to divert high currents to the earth. Therefore a proper design of an earthing system is required to dissipate high currents magnitude to the earth safely regardless the fault type. Lightning and other surges subject the electrical power system to high magnitude and fast rise-time transient currents and voltages requires dissipation to earth in controlled methods. In order to minimise damage to the electrical equipments and safety measures have to be taken to protect the human beings. On high voltage transmission and distribution systems, lightning protection and insulation co-ordination schemes are employed to protect power system equipment from damage. The main factor that determines the effectiveness of these schemes is the soil resistivity properties of the earth. In this thesis, the performance of wind turbine earthing systems subjected to power frequency and impulses is investigated by considering both their high frequency and transient behaviour. 1.2 Earthing System Functions Earthing systems are designed primarily for power frequency earth fault conditions. However, certain plant within substations such as surge arresters will provide a path to earth for transient currents and in such cases the standards recommend the installation of a high frequency earth electrode, usually an earth rod [1.1]. High frequency earth electrode means that the earth rod is to dissipate to earth all the high frequency components of the transient. In practice, all the parts of the earthing system are interconnected and may play a role in the dissipation of both power frequency faults and surges. In the case of wind turbine there will earthing termination system especially designed for lightning protection. . 1.3 Components of earthing systems Generally, substation earthing grids consist of a system of conductors buried in the ground occupying an area related to the dimensions of the substation. Additional components may include the metallic sheaths of cables and earth wires of tower lines and their associated tower footings. These extended earth systems emanate from the substation and are bonded solidly to the earth grid. The performance of these components is difficult to predict because soil has a non-homogeneous resistivity ranging from 10 to 10,000 m [1.2]. 1.4 Wind turbine earthing system IEC 61400-24 IEC technical Report of wind turbine generation lightning protection [1.3] states that each turbine must be equipped with its own earth termination system, even if it connected to a general wind farm earthing system. The report [1.3] described the basic requirements for lightning protection of the windfarm. Earthing systems should be designed in accordance with ICE 61024-1 standard of lighting protection of structures [1.4]. This standard recommends two types of earth electrode systems for wind turbines and are referred to as Type A and Type B arrangements. 1.4.1Type A arrangement: This type employs of horizontal or vertical electrodes connected to each down conductor in the case of wind turbine the down conductor would be the wind turbine tower. 1.4.2Type B arrangement: This type uses a ring earth electrode external to the structure soil. A wind turbine normally uses the Type B arrangement with a ring earth electrode placed around the foundation reinforced [1.3] as can be seen in Figure 1. in the standard the ring earth requires to be in contact with the soil for at least 80% of its total length of a foundation earth electrode. The ring electrode should be buried to a depth of at least 0.5m. However, Additional vertical and horizontal earth electrodes may be used in combination with the ring electrode. The radius of the ring electrode will therefore normally be defined by the radius of the turbine foundation and extra conductors may have to be installed as stated below. Figure 1. Typical wind turbine earthing arrangement Foundation reinforced bar normally bonded to lightning protection earth Top view Wind turbine tower 2m vertical electrodes Transformer If the recommended 10W resistance by [1.4] is not achieved then an additional horizontal or f vertical electrodes may be used in combination with the ring electrode. Also, in the standard it states that no more than 50m of the horizontal electrode can be attached to the wind turbine, may be a low resistance value achieved, but could have high transient impedance due to high series impedance of the conductor. 1.5 Soil resistivity Conduction properties of soil are important, particularly its specific resistivity. The soil resistivity is one of the main factors determining the resistance of any earth electrode. Most soils and rocks are poor conductors of electricity when dry. The exceptions to this are certain mineral bodies. However when soils contain water, the resistivity drops, and they may then be considered as moderate conductors, although they are very poor when compared with metals. For example, pure copper resistivity is 1.6cm whilst a quite normal value for soil would be 10,000 cm. The resistivity is determined by the following factors: a) type of soil b) chemical composition of the soil c) concentration of salts dissolved in pore water d) overall moisture content e) temperature f) grain size and the distribution of grain size [1.2]. 1.6Tolerable voltage During a ground fault on a transmission line, a number of towers near the fault are likely to acquire high potential. Potential gradients are also set up in the ground surface and these may present a hazard to humans and livestock. These hazard voltages are generally referred to as touch and step potentials, which are defined [1.5] as follows: a) The touch potential is the difference between the earth potential rise (EPR) and the surface potential at the point where a person is standing, while at the same time having his hand in contact with a ground structure [1.5]. b) The step potential is the difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of 1m with his feet without contacting any other grounding object [1.5]. There are limits placed on the allowable EPR of an earthing system as stated in International Telecommunication Union ITU-T [1.6]. These limits are as follows. 650 V for sites fed from high reliability lines where faults are rare and cleared quickly (200 ms maximum). 430 V for sites fed from lines having standard protection. The limits of touch and step potentials are related to the current that can be withstood by a human body before there is a serious risk of fatality [1.5, 1.7]. A magnitude in the order of 50mA is sufficient to cause ventricular fibrillation, which will normally result in death [1.8-1.9]. 1.7 Standard Lightning Impulse The lightning impulse is characterised by three parameters, the peak current magnitude, the time to peak current and time to half peak current which is the time required for the current impulse to decay to half of its peak magnitude. However, standard lightning impulse shapes are generally described by the peak current or voltage and the time to the peak T1 and the time to the half peak T2 and usually written as T1/T2 in microseconds defined as the rise-time. e.g. a 10kA, 5/20ms. Figure 1.2 Lightning Impulse Lightning impulses are usually described by their peak current (or voltage) and by T1 and T2 written as T1/T2 in microseconds. e.g. a 10kA, 5/20ms impulse. 1.7 Standards Applicable to Earthing Systems There are UK and international standards provide guidelines to different earthing systems configurations design. These standards are concerned with power frequency earthing systems design and give limited guidance when earthing system subjected to transient conditions. These standards are: Engineering Association Technical Specification 41-24 (EA TS 41-24), Guidelines for the Design, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations (UK) [1.1]. This standard recognises that equipment such as surge arresters and CVTs are more likely to pass high frequency current due to the low impedance they present to steep fronted surges. This standard suggests that unless a low impedance earth connection is provided, the effectiveness of a surge arrester may be compromised. It is therefore recommended that the connection from the equipment to earth should be as short, and as free from changes in direction, as is practicable. Another guideline in the same standard states that the effectiveness of a surge arrester can be improved by placing a high frequency earth electrode in its immediate vicinity. The standard does not specify any quantitative limits such as over all earthing impedance limit. ANSI/IEEE standard 80 [1.5] Guide for safety in AC substation grounding widely used throughout the world. This standard does not provide detailed guidance for designing for earthing systems subjected to transient conditions. However, it considers that an earthing system that is designed to be safe for power frequency faults should also be safe for transient faults. This is based on the assumption that the human body can withstand higher currents for very short duration. It also considers the safety issues and defines the touch and step potential and provides equation which can be calculated. CENLEC HD 637 SI, Power Installation Exceeding 1kV ac or 1.5kV dc [1.10]. The standard provides measures to reduce the amount of interference created when surges are dissipated to earth. These measures include reducing the inductance of the current path by significantly meshed the earthing system. Moreover, the connection to the earthing system should be as short as possible. BS 6651 [3] Protection of structures against lightning the standard recommends that the earthing system designed for lightning protection should have an earth resistance of less than 10W. The same requirement appears in BS 61400-24:2002 Wind turbine generator system __ Lightning protection with some details regarding earthing system arrangements as mentioned previously. 1.9 Aims of the research Wind turbines become the largest growing electrical energy in the world. Wind farms, however, have particular requirements for earthing compared with conventional electrical installations. They are often very extensive, stretching over several kilometres and subject to frequent lightning strikes due to the height of the structures and their location on high rocky terrain with associated high earth resistivity. Consequence of these developments, there is an increase in fault current associated with windfarms and an increase in the probability of a lightning strike a wind turbine. Therefore, the protection of human beings and livestock becomes more important due to the trend towards large scale high capacity wind farms. The aims and the objectives of this work therefore can be summarised by the following: To review the methods that representing the wind turbine earthing system and their limitations To develop models that produce more accurate results. To use computer simulation to overcome problems in modelling of the wind turbines earthing system To carry out computer simulations in order to investigate the importance of the wind turbine steel tower in modelling of wind turbine earthing system. Design mitigation techniques for fast surge injections. To carry out soil resistivity using a 2-D technique in order to obtain a soil model to be used for Wind Turbine earthing simulations. To carry out dc, ac and impulse measurement of resistance/ impedance of an isolated wind turbine. To carry out dc, ac and impulse measurement of resistance/ impedance of the wind farm interconnected at the location of wind turbine used in point above. To carry out measurement of safety voltages (step and touch voltages) around an isolated wind turbine. To carry out measurement of safety voltages (step and touch voltages) around the same wind turbine when its earthing system is bonded / connected to the wind farm earthing network. To obtain details of the design and construction of the test wind turbine (s) for CDEGS simulation purposes. To draw conclusions and suggest recommendations for a better estimation of Wind farm earthing systems and related safety precautions. 1.10 References: [1.1] Technical Specification 41-24, Guidelines for the Design, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations, Electricity Association, 1992. [1.2] Tagg, G. F.: Earth Resistance. Gorge Newnes Limited. (London), 1964. [1.3] IEC Technical Report, Wind Turbine Generation System -24: Lightning Protection, TR61400-24, 2002. [1.4] IEC International Stand Protection of Strictures against Lightning IEC61024 -1998. [1.5] IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding, ANS/IEEE standard 80, 2000. [1.6] ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union): Calculating Induced Voltage and Currents in Practical Cases. Volume II, 1999 [1.7] International Electrotechnical Commission IEC Report 479-1: Effects of current passing through the human body, IEC, 1984. [1.8] Electricity Association: Engineering Recommendation S.34: A guide for assessing the rise of earth potential at substation sites. Engineering Management Conference, May 1986. [1.9] IEEE: IEEE Std 81.2-1991, IEEE Guide for measurement of Impedance and Safety Characteristics of Large, Extended of Interconnected Grounding Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1991. [1.10] HD 637S1, Power Installations Exceeding 1kV AC, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC) 1999. [1.11] BS 6651, Code of Practice for Protection of Structures Against Lightning, British Standards Institution, 1992.

Arthur Millers The Crucible :: Arthur Miller Crucible Essays

Arthur Miller's The Crucible Arthur Miller individualises characters through their style of speech in many ways. Abigail Williams, one of the main characters, is a very attractive young lady, as portrayed in the text. However, her personality is bitter spiteful and vengeful. This has been shown by the way Miller individualises her, through her speech. Abigail is very bossy and has a lot of authority; "Uncle, the rumour of witchcraft is all about: I think you'd best go down and deny it yourself. The parlour's packed with people, sir. I'll sit with her". She seems to take control in a stressful situation, and hence controls people through their fear: "I think you'd best go down". Miller uses this sentence, in order to portray Abigail as a very manipulative and some-what controlling person. Miller also exposes the fact that Abigail is very spiteful and demanding. This is shown when Abigail is having an argument with her uncle, Parris. "She hates me, uncle; she must, for I would not be her slave. It's a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling woman, and I will not work for such a woman!" This shows how Abigail puts everyone down, and tries to make out that she is the innocent victim in all the chaos. Another way Miller individualises Abigail, is the way she blames other people to get her self out of trouble- "Not I, sir- Tituba and Ruth". This shows how Miller puts across to the audience, the 'real' Abigail. Yet again, Miller reveals Abigail as being manipulative and controlling. "I have been hurt, Mr Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin' out! I have been near to murder every day because I done my duty pointing out the Devil's people- and this is my reward! To be mistrusted, denied questioned like a-". This also shows how Abigail is making everyone else feel sorry for her, as she has been doing the right thing. This is effective as it again brings out the 'real' Abigail, a cunning, sly, deceiving person. Abigail Williams wants to protect herself, and hence confesses, as she wants the same attention as Tituba, not to suffer, This shows her selfishness as she doesn't want to get hung and therefore follows Tituba's lead. "I want to open myself! I want the light of God; I want the sweet love of Jesus!" Miller uses the word "open" to emphasise the fact that Abigail doesn't want to just reveal herself, but "open" her. This then shows the audience how overdramatic Miller makes Abigail. In conclusion, I feel that Miller has effectively individualised Abigail, as a self-centred, overdramatic, deceiving woman. Mr Hale, another one of Miller's characters, however he is not as

What Patriotism means to me Essay

Do you believe in the love for your country? All the soldiers and heroes that are out there in the world fighting for our freedom? The respect and the courage that you may have. Patriotism is like an infection that travels around from one body to another and you can’t cure it with any medication. To me patriotism basically means the love and care for one’s country. Although it may have other definitions, the real and main one is â€Å"the love and devotion for your country†. Being patriotic means not only wearing the flag as a pin, putting it up on your yard or saying the national anthem like most people do, It really means caring for the soldiers and everyone that helps this country be free, also to give out your love and potential to your country. There are a lot of examples and symbols that patriotism can mean to me or to anyone in this world. For example, September 11, the United States flag, the Statue of Liberty and many more are symbols of patriotism. I think that patriotism has grown more since 9/11 the day that changed the world, and that it is going to keep on growing more and more throughout the years to come. A married couple is like patriotism because they can’t decide on the right choice or also like each other about how they are. Martin Luther King Jr. had the courage to lead a movement against segregation he also had the courage to tell us what was wrong and what we did right. To me that is real patriotism because he was willing to fight for our country and love it equally among others. â€Å"If we love our country, we should also love our countrymen† is a famous quote by Ronald Reagan that I think describes patriotism because it simply means love one another equally. So to me patriotism means the love for your county, it also means many other different things to one another. Remember you can be patriotic if you love and respect your country by just basically caring.

Dubus Andre Killers Essay Example

Dubus Andre Killers Essay Example Dubus Andre Killers Essay Dubus Andre Killers Essay Killers Richard Strout is the true killer of this story. This man walks through the â€Å"front door† (Dubus 107) of his ex-wife’s house and proceeds in shooting Frank â€Å"twice in the chest and once in the face with a nine millimeter automatic† (107). Standing over the blood spattered couch he shifts his eyes from the brainy chaos, which was a man’s face just seconds before, to the children that are sitting on that same couch. He then looks at the mother of those children, his children. She is not looking at the killer, rather she is intently staring at her babies who are covered with the remnants of the man they have recently begun to call dad. And how does the executioner react to this entire scene? He â€Å"went home to wait for the police† (107). He waits for the police as though he just stole a loaf of Wonder Bread at the dollar store. This man is cold, grey and calculating. He goes home to wait because he knows what he has done, he lives in it, accepts it. Matt and Ruth, Frank’s parents, will never accept the cold blooded murder of their son. It is pure torture for a mother or father to see the man that took away from them, something that can never be returned, their child. â€Å"He walks the goddamn streets,† (103) Matt says. Matt did not think that the justice system would release a man like this on bail. This murderer is now tending to his daily routines without a care in the world, while the victims of his injustice helplessly watch. They watch as the killer of their child is shopping at a local grocery store; Buying skirt steak and quart of two percent milk while they wait in line to buy flowers for their dead son’s tombstone. Watch as that same man, who has shattered a mothers bond, is enjoying a Saturday afternoon at a local barbershop for his weekly high and tight haircut. â€Å"It’s killing her,† said Matt. Dubus writes â€Å"she can’t even go out for cigarettes and aspirin† (103) without seeing him. Not only has he killed their child, he is now killing them indirectly. Matt’s marriage is suffering and he is only a shell of his old self. How many people must endure pain and suffering before justice is dealt? Matt cannot bear the thought of facing his son’s murderer in everyday life. He believes that the only way to remedy this problem is to take matters into his own hands. Richard Strout shot and killed Matt’s son with a nine millimeter pistol. Matt pulled the trigger on his unregistered thirty eight millimeter pistol (104) ending the life of Richard Stout hoping to find closure in his death. Both men have now committed murder. Dubus named this story Killings because of Matt’s revenge. If the Justice system worked properly this story might have been called Killer. The real problem here is not the revenge murders but the inefficiency of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system should be blamed for the murder of Strout, releasing this man back into the same community where the murder took place is outrageous. Laws and regulations in the justice system are in place to prevent people from taking matters into their own hands. It is very difficult to deal with your emotions when you are being haunted by your child’s murderer. Everyone thinks they know someone that the world would be better off without. But why are we not running amok in the streets, viciously murdering our bosses, and curb stomping our neighbors or grimy politicians? Even the guy who stepped on your new shoes the night before nobody would miss him. We do not go around decimating each other because there is a system in place that punishes the wicked. The Laws must be followed and people must be held accountable for their actions. It is this accountability that allows us to move along comfortably through our lives. Not having to worry that you’re going to get shot in the face because you stole a parking spot from a driver that was taking too long. Or that your children are being shoved into creepy white vans after being lured with candy. The narrator tells us that Frank â€Å"was relieved when he came home in the evenings and they were there; usually the relief is the only acknowledgement of his fear , which he never spoke of, and which he controlled within his heart† (107). Frank was pushed into action due to the failure of the law to protect his family. Yes, Frank did commit murder and he should be held responsible. But there needs to be a difference between a man who blasts a guy’s head away while he’s enjoying television with his children and a guy who takes revenge because of the pain of seeing this murderer walk. The hard truth is that we need a criminal justice system that works. Criminals need to be punished to protect guys like Richard, who will never accept the cold blooded murder of his son, from taking matters into his own hands and become a criminal himself. Dubus, Andre. Killings. The Compact Bedford Introduction To Literature With 2009 MLA Update, Reading, Thinking, Writing. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston, New York: Bedford/St Martins, 2009. 103-07. Print.

The Lady with the Dog essays

The Lady with the Dog essays The film "The Lady with the Dog" is based on the short story by Anton Chekhov. The story deals with an affair between a Russian man and woman. One of the main characteristics in this story is that the author designs the settings not only to help the audiences understand what is going on in the present, but also to foreshadow what will happen in the future. Dmitri Gurov, who is under forty years old, goes to Yalta which is located in southern Russia to have a vacation alone. He is a married man with three children, a daughter and two sons. In general, he is dismissive of the other sex, referring to them as the "lower race," but he cannot live without them. One day he meets a woman named Anna Sergeyevna who has a white Pomeranian dog. She is also married and comes from St Petersburg to vacation in Yalta alone as well. She has an affair with Dmitry and falls in love with him. After several days, they go back to their respective homes: Dmitry in Moscow and Anna in St. Petersburg. In Mosc ow Dmitry cannot get Anna out of his mind. After a while, he decides to find her in St Petersburg where she lives. He goes to a theater that features an opera titled The geisha hoping to see Anna and finally meet her. When she sees him, she is horrified by the sight of Dmitry standing in front of her. She tells him to leave St, Petersburg and that she will visit him herself in Moscow soon. Then she goes to Moscow regularly every two to three months. They are in love as if they were husband and wife; however, they both know that it is a frivolous affair. One day as they talk about their future, Dmitry tells Anna that they will find a way to live openly. Chekhov uses settings to not only define physically but emotionally, as well. One of the most remarkable settings is the features of the cities where Dmitry and Anna meet. Yalta, where they meet for the first time, is represented as a vacation area located in the "sea front." The warm weather of the Yalt...

Speech, Language and Communication are different aspects of the same Essay - 3

Speech, Language and Communication are different aspects of the same process. Compare and contrast these aspects - Essay Example Therefore, language and speech are both different aspects of a communication process. It is regarded as a process with various characteristics including its continuous, dynamic and has elements that occur simultaneously (Miller, 2011). It is also regarded as a process because of its symbolic nature, that is, it relies heavily on symbols with arbitrary meanings. Communication as a process also occurs in a contextual manner. That being another feature of communication, the context includes language, cultures, social structure and the individual relation between the receiver and the source (Miller, 2011). A speech is also regarded as what one gives in front of a group of either people, which can be interpersonal or public speaking, which, in turn, means language is what we use to deliver the speech (Miller, 2011). Communication, therefore, is the way the speech is delivered. Language is different from speech because it consists of socially shared rules, which include how to put words together to make a meaning, what or the exact meaning of each of the words used, how to make or constitute new words from those existing, and what best word combinations are thoroughly placed, in a situation, to give meaning (Kuhl, 2010). On the other hand, speech is a verbal means of communication, which constitutes articulation that exactly ease how the speech sounds are constituted. It also consists of voice whereby vocal folds and breathing are initiated to produce sound. Fluency is another vital constituent of speech, which is described as the rhythm of speech (Kuhl, 2010). Therefore, language can be grouped, in terms of problems, whereby, receptive language is when a person has trouble with understanding others. Sharing thoughts, ideas and feelings perfectly with others with poor conveyance is categorized under expressive language disorders (Crosbie et al. 2005). Lang uage

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

American History - Essay Example This condition was exacerbated by the creditors’ reluctance to accept the currency of Continentals. The problem arose from the fact that the Articles of Confederation did not stipulate the jurisdiction for printing money among the 13 states. Furthermore, the Articles constrained the Confederation Congress from raising taxes and initiating legal proceedings in disputes between states. The inadequacy of the Articles was further exposed by the Shays’ Rebellion, â€Å"in which farmers refused to pay taxes and took up arms to protect their right not to pay those taxes. The national government called out the federal militia and stopped the rebellion, but the entire episode made very clear the fact that a stronger national government was needed† (www.socialstudiesforkids.com). These weaknesses inherent in the Articles impelled the drafting of a more robust framework of governance in the form of the Constitution. The purpose of the convention for the drafting of the Constitution was to elicit a consensus on the preferred mode of government and the process of electing representatives. Fifty five delegates in total attended the convention. Considering the diverse range of views and opinions expressed, as well as taking into account the handful of radical proposals made in these sessions, the delegates considered it prudent to maintain utmost secrecy. While the convention initially set out to amend the Articles of Confederation, its thrust soon shifted to replacing it completely. Intense debates raged between the delegates from Virginia and New Jersey. While the former wanted a more democratic and representative Constitution, the latter preferred the status quo. James Madison and Edmund Jennings Randolph, both of whom represented Virginia, argued that â€Å"no confederacy could endure if it acted upon states only and not directly upon individuals. Madison and Edmund Jennings Randolph were able to enter the Constitutional Convention with a plan of government